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| Nothing is True, Everything is Permitted: A Deconstruction of the Last Words of Hassan-i Sabbah By Brian D. Hodges September 6, 2001 According to legend, the master of the Order of Assassins uttered the famous phrase "nothing is true, everything is permitted" on his deathbed prior to his soul departing for Hell. [1] This axiom has made its way into a number of historical accounts regarding Sabbah and the Nizari Isma'ilis. As with so much of the lore surrounding the "order", it is likely that this quote is no more true than most of the other legends circulated by Western historians, medievalists, anarchists and occultists. It is worth looking into three competing explanations for how it found acceptance and examine the probabilities of each. First we should examine some of the most egregious myths that have propagated through the centuries. The most obvious is that the Isma'ilis never referred to themselves as "assassins"; other groups used the terms as epithets toward the Nizaris and the efforts of many scholars to accurately identify the term's etymology have met with little success. [2] The most common explanation one finds - that it was a derivation of hashishin, or cannabis-users - is fairly ridiculous given the abstemious nature of Sabbah's lifestyle; indeed, he had his own son Muhammad executed for being drunk in public. [3] A cursory reading of poems written by Sabbah, published by the Institute for Isma'ili Studies, [4] indicates a man who fits more into what we might term a "fundamentalist" mindset today than a wild-eyed radical mystic. Sabbah has been referred to as the "Old Man of the Mountain" which is a compound error; the term shaykh ('old man' or 'elder') was applied only to Sinan al-Rashid - the leader of the Syrian, hence Arabic, Isma'ili faction - by the Crusaders, and "old man of the mountain" was only translated into Arabic (shaykh al-jabal) after it had appeared in Old French, Latin and Italian in European works. Moreover, Sabbah was known as Sayyidna ('master') among his devotees at Alamut. [5] Finally, there has never been substantive data which indicates there was any linkage at all between the Nizaris and Adam Weishaupt's Order of Illuminati. This appears to have been a fanciful literary exploration of Idries Shah's, who made much of the Illuminati / Assassin association writing as Arkon Daraul in A History of Secret Societies. The connection has been endlessly hyped - without any supporting documentation, historical references, or even consideration of the geopolitical realities concerning such a relationship - by Robert Anton Wilson in some of his Illuminatus!-inspired writings and Jim Marrs in Rule by Secrecy, among others. With this dubious track record in mind, let us turn to an analysis of the phrase and its utterer. Barry Miles' Explanation A significant amount of the material that built up around the Assassins has come from modern Beat and alternative writers such as William Burroughs, Brion Gysin and Peter Lamborn Wilson / Hakim Bey. Gysin visited Alamut in 1972 and noted that the fabulous Gardens reputed to have flourished there could not have had the physical space necessary to justify the myths surrounding them. [6] Burroughs and Gysin - among notable others - lived at the Beat Hotel in Paris at various intervals in the late '50s � early '60s and explored a wide array of metaphysical concepts and applications, including some Middle Eastern sources. Barry Miles in Beat Hotel writes that the essence of the quote came from a book about Sabbah by Betty Bouthol ca. 1936; Burroughs apparently arrived at the exact phrase via the "cut-up", another method of which he was particularly fond. Taking phrases from Bouthol, he cut them into separate words, reassembling them into the axiom we know today. Miles notes further: Over the years, Bill evolved an elaborate cosmology around Hassan, which bore little relationship to historical fact. [7] | |